For those of you following this thread who might not understand what we are talking about, I will try to explain the details. Think of the signal coming off the antenna as a gigantic doughnut. The volume of the doughnut can't change unless you increase the power to the antenna. The only thing we can do to the doughnut is manipulate it's shape.
Smaller antennas like 1/4 wave or shorter form the doughnut into more of a ball shape (see image, purple shape), like squishing the doughnut inwards. This is better in mountains and canyons, because you will be radiating power upwards and downwards, but at the expense of range. Longer, larger antennas like 1/2-green, 5/8- red or even full wave, tend to flatten the doughnut, like smashing it thinner, but this makes the circumference larger, giving you longer range at the expense of signal at higher or lower angles. These are great for open areas, like desert or corn fields.
A ground plane is a horizontal conductive surface that reflects radio waves, basically launching them outward. The higher the frequency, the smaller the ground plane needs to be. You need about ¼ wavelength in ground plane, any larger will not increase your performance. For example, GMRS is 462 Mhz I think, so a ¼ wave is about 6” in diameter. I operate on the 2m band (146Hhz), which is a lot lower frequency, so my ¼ wave is like 19”. I am not going to drive around with a pizza dish, luckily my roof is metal.
View attachment 110175